Explanation:
Some words or phrases can help us not only understand the passages we
read, but also know how fast we
should read them and how important they passage following is to the reader. In illustration , You would read a
document very carefully if a lot of money would change hands because of
understanding what you read. Also, these words clue us in to the type
of writing we are reading and why the author may have chosen this particular
type of writing to get his point across. (Author’s purpose).
These words help us sort between
significant ideas or thoughts(main ideas, thesis statements) and supporting
details. Accordingly, they help us collect and organize our thoughts, reactions, retention and
response to the article, thesis, paragraph, that we have read. In conclusion,
these signal words are a major help in sifting through all of the hundreds and
hundreds of words read ,to sort them into groups of main ideas, supporting
details, introductions, conclusions, important information and summaries.
"Go"
words ( read further for more information)
PROCESS ANALYSIS
Additionally,
in addition, again, also, and, and so, another, other, as well,
besides,
correspondingly, further, furthermore, likewise, more, moreover,
examples
ahead, an illustration, to illustrate, as an example, for example, for
instance,
for
this reason, specifically, such as, the evidence is, to corroborate
"Yield
"words (slow down- something significant coming up)
PERSUASION
A
central issue, concern or factor, above all, due to, for this reason, important
to note, indeed, in effect, most of all, no doubt, significantly, the fact
remains, the main issue or reason, to
be sure, undoubtedly, unquestionably, without precedent
"Slow"
words (read slowly, it's important)
although,
but, conversely, despite, however, if, in contrast, instead, never the less, on
the contrary, on the other hand, otherwise, rather, still, unless, otherwise,
until, while, whether, yet
"Stop"
words
accordingly,
basically, consequently, finally, for, fundamentally, hence, in brief, in
conclusion, in retrospect, in summary, last of all, to summarize, so,
therefore, the bottom line, the effect, the implication, the main..., the most
crucial, the most important, significant, thus, to recapitulate
No
words can help you as much as the
prepositions and conjunctions that the author uses to guide your mind
along the pathways to understanding the main ideas he is trying to get across
to you. A word like furthermore says
"keep going!" However says "easy!" Through mastering
these
words and phrases you will learn almost immediately to read with discernment ,
speed and understanding.
Added on words - (These
words say more of the same information is coming, usually thoughts and details)
also further moreover
another finally first
of all
last
of all likewise second
and furthermore too
first in addition the
third reason
besides
ADDITION WORDS
Despite favorable surface conditions, there were throughout the 1920's defects in the American economy. First, some major industries did not experience the general prosperity which characterized most of the economy. Meager farm income meant that farmers lacked purchasing power to buy their share of the increasing output of goods and services. Coal, textiles, and shoes were among other industries which suffered from low profit margins. Moreover, while employment rose during the 1920's, the biggest gains were in the low-paid service trades rather than in those industries where earnings were high. Furthermore, the condition of American foreign trade was not healthy as it appeared.
Here are ways to take some of the danger out of smoking. First of all, choose a cigarette with less tar and nicotine. The difference between brands( including those with filters) can be as much as two to one, even more. See how much you can reduce your tar and nicotine intake by switching. Also, don't smoke your cigarette all the way down. You get the most tar and nicotine from the last few puffs because the tobacco itself acts as a filter. Smoke halfway and you get only about 40 percent of the total tar and nicotine. The last half of the cigarette will give you 60 percent. Another help is to take fewer draws on each cigarette. Just reduce the number of times you puff on each cigarette and you'll cut down on your smoking without really missing it. In addition, you should reduce your inhaling. Remember, you're not standing on a mountain gulping in fresh air; take short shallow drags. Practice on a big cigar. Finally, you should smoke fewer cigarettes each day. For some people this is easy, but for others it may be the most difficult step of all. Don't think of it as cutting down; think of it as postponing. It's always easier to postpone a cigarette if you know you'll be having one later. Carry your cigarettes in a different pocket; at work, keep them in a desk drawer or a locker-any place where you can't reach for one automatically. The trick is to change your habit patterns.
equivalent words ( these words say that it does something in
addition to what was just said)
as
well as at the same time similarly
equally
important likewise
enhancing words ( the author wants to be sure you understand
the idea
so he give examples)
for
example specifically as
to
illustrate for
instance such as
like
once
ILLUSTRATION WORDS
One purpose for incorporating sexual themes or pictorial material into advertisements is to attract consumers' attention to the ad. However, evidence suggests that use of such material may not always have an easily predictable or desired effect. For example, one study found non sexual and sexual-romantic themes to have a greater influence on consumers' attention than did nudity. An interesting point about role playing is the way middle-years and adolescents' youngsters play the role of being their age. One eight-year-old boy, for instance, avidly collected baseball cards and kept track of games and team standings in the sports pages in accordance with the mores of his neighborhood, even though he had never seen a baseball game or expressed the slightest interests in attending one.
Many of the restless and dissatisfied sons and daughters of these middle-,upper-middle-, and upper-class homes had never known want or poverty. Consequently, they could not understand their parents' emphasis upon money, status, and work. Parents, on the other hand, could not understand how some of their children could be indifferent, even hostile, to such practical things as formal education and preparation for work.
The greatest value of play technique is in the study of personality. Children often cannot or will not explain themselves in the first person. However, they may reveal much of their inner lives in play. The child who will not tell about his or her own fears and conflicts may readily project these feelings into dolls. Feelings of rejection, insecurity, ambivalent attitudes toward parents, repressed hatred, fears, and aggressions may all be freely revealed in play. As a result, the play technique, when properly handled, offers opportunities for understanding the child that are otherwise difficult to create.
One of the most persistent desires of human beings has been to indulge in mood-changing and pleasure-giving practices. For instance, diverse cultures have engaged in the drinking of alcoholic beverages of all descriptions. But as with most pleasures, overindulgence can be harmful to oneself and others. Also, not everyone agrees that drinking or using other mood modifiers should be an accepted pleasure.
Energy is used to cause chemical changes. For example, a chemical change occurs in the electroplating of metals when electrical energy is passed through a salt solution in which the metal is submerged. A chemical change also occurs when heat causes mercuric oxide to decompose. Chemical changes are often used to produce energy rather than new substances. The heat or thrust generated during the combustion of fuels is more important than the products formed.
Along with food production, human beings found time to develop the arts and sciences. Some hunter-gathers, as was already pointed out, must have had considerable leisure without making any notable movement toward civilization. A difference between the hunter-gathers and farmers that is important to note is that the former are usually nomadic whereas the latter are sedentary.
But even those pre agricultural people who had fairly stationary living sites did not develop in civilizing ways comparable to the farmers. Agriculture probably required a far greater discipline than did any form of food collecting. Seeds had to be planted at certain seasons, some protection had to be given to the growing plants and animals, harvests had to be reaped, stored, and divided. Thus we might argue that it was neither leisure time nor a sedentary existence that produced great changes in human culture. The cause was rather the more rigorous demands associated with an agricultural way of life. Humanity was changing plants and animals to suit its needs, and living in close relation with plants and animals was changing humans' way of life.
I do not like to write. In fact, I dislike writing so much that I have developed a series of steps for postponing the agony of doing writing assignment. , I tell myself that to proceed without the proper equipment would be unwise. So I go buy a new pen. This kills at least an hour. Simply holding a shiny new pen, , is not enough. The instant I began to stare at the blank page, I realize that writing may also require thought; so I began to think deeply about my subject. Soon I feel drowsy. This naturally leads to the conclusion that I need a nap. I want to be at very best when I throw myself into my writing. After a refreshing nap, I again face the blank page. It is usually at this stage that I actually write a sentence or two-disappointing ones. I then wisely decide that I need inspiration, from an interesting magazine or television movie, . , I am deeply absorbed in a magazine or movie. If thoughts of my writing assignment should interfere, I comfort myself with the knowledge that I'm doing what the what the experts do. After all, as any artist will say, you can't rush things.
Pets can be classified into three categories
Alternative words ( point to a choice)
Either/or other than
neither
no otherwise
Repetitive words (listen up I repeated this it is important)
again in
other words
to
repeat that is (i.e.)
Contrast words ( look at the other
side of the story)
but on the contrary similarly
still conversely though
on
the other hand despite instead of
yet equally like
in
a like manner just as likewise
in
a similar fashion just like in
the same way
however rather
than regardless
nevertheless
even
though whereas in spite of
COMPARISON OR CONTRAST WORDS
In the half century between 1860 and 1910, some 23 million foreigners migrated to America. Just as had been the case before the Civil War, most of them came in search of better economic opportunities. But there were new forces at work in both the United States and Europe which interacted to attract ever-increasing numbers of immigrants.
Ellen tells a friend that she saw a Bob's TV Repair truck in her neighbor's driveway for the fifth time in the last two weeks. Ellen is reporting only what she saw; she is relating a perception of fact. A fact is a verifiable statement -usually a statement about something that can be or has been directly observed. If, however, Ellen adds, "She's having a terrible time getting her TV fixed," she is making an inference-a conclusion about what has been observed.
Sleep has always been a fascinating topic. We spend about one-third of our adult lives sleeping. Most animals sleep in a similar fashion-they collapse and relax their muscles. In contrast, birds and horses sleep upright, with their integrative muscles at work. Most of us complain when we have not gotten several hours of sleep. Yet some people sleep for an hour or less a day and lead otherwise healthy and normal lives.
Qualifying words (these say these are
the conditions or limits being talked about)
if although unless
providing whenever
Concession
words ( these say OK I agree with this much)
accepting
the data granted that of
course
Emphasizing
words ( They say pay attention this
is important)
should
have noted important to note the main value
above
all most of all more important
a
significant factor especially
valuable indeed
the
chief outcome the principal
item a key feature
the
most substantial issue a central issue
Order
words (The author is being your
tour guide on this ride)
finally second then
first next last
Time
words ( who said what when)
afterwards meanwhile now
before subsequently presently
formerly inimitably previously
later
Cause
& Effect words ( Something
happened ,now I'll tell you why )
accordingly since then
as
a result so thus
because so
that therefore
cause hence result in
consequently reason the
implication
if...
then the effect for
this reason
Signal Words
Activity
Look at the sheets I hand out and find all of the
signal words in each passage with your partner.
Divide them into the groups listed below:
Additive
Words Equivalent Words Illustration Words
_____________________ ___________________________ ________________________
_____________________ ___________________________ ________________________
_____________________ ___________________________ ________________________
_____________________ ___________________________ ________________________
_____________________ ___________________________ ________________________
_____________________ ___________________________ ________________________
Alternative Words Repetitive Words Contrast
& Change Words
_____________________ ___________________________ ________________________
_____________________ ___________________________ ________________________
_____________________ ___________________________ ________________________
_____________________ ___________________________ ________________________
_____________________ ___________________________ ________________________
_____________________ ___________________________ ________________________
Qualifying Words Emphasizing Words Order
Words
_____________________ ___________________________ ________________________
_____________________ ___________________________ ________________________
_____________________ ___________________________ ________________________
_____________________ ___________________________ ________________________
_____________________ ___________________________ ________________________
_____________________ ___________________________ ________________________
Now go back and look at the signal words you listed
and write the meaning of the signal word as used in the sentence below the
sentence for one of each type of signal
word. Try to find out what the author
is telling you to do in your own words with the signal words you listed.
Use your lists of signal words to practice finding
the signal words in these passages:
A. There are two attitudes, however, that
sabotage the best efforts to encourage reading. One denies the value of reading by charging that books are
divorced from life. The bookworm has
always been an object of contempt. The other attitude contends that reading is
thinking with someone else's head inside one's own. And in these days of a
"thinking man's cigarette," no one likes to admit that he can't use
his own mind.
B. To recognize and relate ideas as they
are presented in speech, which flows and never stands, is doubly
difficult. Yet there are certain
characteristics of a classroom lecture that should aid the student in this
task.
First of all, the instructor usually
announces by word , and sometimes by blackboard diagram, the plan of his
lecture. Make that the heading of your
notes. Then, during the period, it is
the customary professorial practice to cover about a dozen points, more or
less. This may be represented by any
combination , from 1 or 2 major points with several important subpoints to a
series of equal ideas. You may well
become suspicious - either of your notes or of the lecture - when you jot down
an eighteenth major point, You have
"missed the boat" or the "prof " has run amuck mentally.
Again, the teacher ordinarily marks
off in some way the main divisions of his lecture. Sometimes these are enumerated in advance: sometimes in con
conclusion . When in the course of his presentation he says: Second," "third,"
"finally," latch on to it. It
usually is important.
C. Concentration, then, narrows your
consciousness to some object and heightens your awareness of that object. There are a thousand things that might enter
consciousness if you let them. The fact
is you only allow a few things into your consciousness at any one time. Those things , moreover, are in some way bound up with your
wants, needs, hopes, interests, and purposes.
Thus , concentration functions something like a spotlight. It highlights things that are of
significance to you so that they stand out in sharp relief. At the same time, it throws into the shadow
(that is , to the background of consciousness) items of experience that are not
of particular interest or importance at the moment.
D. This type of transfer is frequently
subconscious. For example, if you
dislike a man because he has harmed you , and many years later you come across
another man who resembles your old
enemy in features or in tone of voice, you will instantly dislike him . So also if you hate a particular course,
your distaste for that course may spread to other related subjects. Similarly, if you dislike a professor, you
may transfer that aversion to the subject he teaches. As a result, when the course is finished, you will never look at
another book that reminds you of that
unpleasant experience.
E. One last word: Do not be discouraged if you fail to see all
the implications, applications and associations of what you now learn. The ability to unify knowledge and to recognize
interrelationship of various sciences is the product of ripened mentality , an
enriched experience and prolonged study.
Some college graduates fail to perceive the relation of these
undergraduate studies to the world in which they live because they have either
ceased to study after commencement or, when in college, they relied to heavily
on rote memory and intellectual verbalism. In either case , they defeated the
very purpose of a liberal education.